<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">spbmedicalrecords</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Новые Санкт-Петербургские врачебные ведомости</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>New St. Petersburg Medical Records</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1609-2201</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Первый Санкт-Петербургский государственный медицинский университет имени академика И.П. Павлова</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.24884/1609-2201-2025-104-1-59-64</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">spbmedicalrecords-65</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL RESEARCH</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Инсулинорезистентность как триггер гепатоцеллюлярного повреждения и воспаления при метаболически ассоциированной стеатозной болезни печени</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Insulin resistance as a trigger for hepatocellular injury and inflammation in metabolic dysfunction–associated steatotic liver disease</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2613-5694</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дуданова</surname><given-names>О. П.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Dudanova</surname><given-names>O. P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Дуданова Ольга Петровна, доктор медицинских наук, профессор, заведующая кафедрой пропедевтики внутренних болезней и гигиены, Медицинский институт им. проф. А. П. Зильбера</p><p>185035, Респ. Карелия, Петрозаводск, пр. Ленина, д. 33</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Olga P. Dudanova, Dr. of Sci. (Med.), professor, Head Department of Propaedeutics of Internal Diseases and Hygiene, Institute of Medicine named after prof. Anatoly P. Zilber</p><p>33, Lenin str., Petrozavodsk, 185035</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">odudanova@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3830-6446</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шиповская</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shipovskaya</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Шиповская Анастасия Андреевна, кандидат медицинских наук, доцент кафедры пропедевтики внутренних болезней и гигиены, Медицинский институт им. проф. А. П. Зильбера</p><p>185035, Респ. Карелия, Петрозаводск, пр. Ленина, д. 33</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Anastasia A. Shipovskaya, Cand. of Sci. (Med.), assistant professor in Department of Propaedeutics of Internal Diseases and Hygiene, Institute of Medicine named after prof. Anatoly P. Zilber</p><p>33, Lenin str., Petrozavodsk, 185035</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">nostrick@inbox.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7620-7065</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Курбатова</surname><given-names>И. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kurbatova</surname><given-names>I. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Курбатова Ирина Валерьевна, кандидат биологических наук, старший научный сотрудник лаборатории генетики</p><p>Петрозаводск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Irina V. Kurbatova, Cand. of Sci. (Biology), Senior Research Associate in the Laboratory for Genetics</p><p>Petrozavodsk</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">irina7m@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0255-4053</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ларина</surname><given-names>Н. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Larina</surname><given-names>N. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ларина Надежда Алексеевна, кандидат медицинских наук, доцент кафедры пропедевтики внутренних болезней и гигиены, Медицинский институт им. проф. А. П. Зильбера</p><p>185035, Респ. Карелия, Петрозаводск, пр. Ленина, д. 33</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Nadezhda A. Larina, Cand. of Sci. (Med.), assistant professor in Department of Propaedeutics of Internal Diseases and Hygiene</p><p>33, Lenin str., Petrozavodsk, 185035</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">Nalarina@inbox.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Петрозаводский государственный университет<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Petrozavodsk State University (PetrSU)<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru">Институт биологии, Карельский научный центр РАН<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Institute of Biology of Karelian Research Centre of Russian Academy of Sciences<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>23</day><month>07</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>59</fpage><lpage>64</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Дуданова О.П., Шиповская А.А., Курбатова И.В., Ларина Н.А., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Дуданова О.П., Шиповская А.А., Курбатова И.В., Ларина Н.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Dudanova O.P., Shipovskaya A.A., Kurbatova I.V., Larina N.A.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.docved.ru/jour/article/view/65">https://www.docved.ru/jour/article/view/65</self-uri><abstract><p>Введение. МАСБП в настоящее время является значимой проблемой общественного здравоохранения, поражает более 30% мирового населения, и связана с преждевременной смертностью населения от многих причин. Инсулинорезистентность является одним из ведущих патогенетических звеньев МАСБП. По данным различных авторов, отмечается прямая связь между появлением лобулярного воспаления, баллонной дистрофии и уровнем ИР при НАЖБП у лиц с СД2, что обусловлено индуцирующим влиянием ИР на воспаление. У пациентов c МАСБП без СД2 влияние ИР на воспалительный процесс в печени остается мало изученным.Целью исследования явилась оценка связи степени ИР с показателями некротически-воспалительного процесса у пациентов МАСБП без сахарного диабета 2 типа (СД2).Материалы и методы. Обследовано 110 пациентов МАСБП: мужчин – 68 (61,8%), женщин – 42 (38,2%) в возрасте 50,5±10,8 года. Определялись традиционные печеночные тесты, а также цитокины ТНФ-α, ИЛ-1β, ИЛ-6 и ИЛ-8, фрагменты цитокератина-18 (ФЦК-18). Рассчитывался индекс HOMA-IR по формуле (натощаковая глюкоза, ммоль/л)х(натощаковый инсулин, мкМЕ/мл)/22,5.Результаты. Инсулинорезистентность согласно HOMA-IR ≥2,6 выявлялась у 55 (50,0%) пациентов и не было таковой также у 55 (50,0%) пациентов. При сравнении лабораторных показателей при МАСБП с нормальным и повышенным HOMA-IR выявлялись достоверно более высокие уровни ФЦК-18, АЛТ, АСТ, ИЛ-1β и ИЛ-6, - у пациентов с наличием ИР. Такая же закономерность отмечалась в отношении показателей углеводного и липидного обменов. HOMA-IR продемонстрировал достоверные корреляционные связи с ФЦК-18, АСТ, с числом лимфоцитов и моноцитов периферической крови.Заключение. У 50,0% пациентов МАСБП до формирования СД2 имелся высокий уровень HOMA-IR, подтверждавший инсулинорезистентность. Ее наличие сопровождалось достоверным ростом биомаркеров гепатоцеллюлярной гибели и воспаления, что прогнозировало более тяжелое течение МАСБП.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Introduction. MASLD is currently a significant public health problem, affecting more than 30% of the world's population, and is associated with premature mortality from many causes. Insulin resistance (IR) is one of the leading pathogenetic links in MASLD. According to various authors, there is a direct relationship between the occurrence of lobular inflammation, ballooning degeneration and the level of IR in MASLD in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2), which is due to the inducing effect of IR on unflammation. In patients with MASLD without DM2, the effect of IR on the inflammatory process in the liver still unclear.The aim of the study was to assess the relationship between the degree of IR and indicators of the necrotic-inflammatory process in patients with MASLD without DM2.Materials and methods. A total of 110 patients with MASBP were examined: 68 men (61.8%) and 42 women (38.2%), aged 50.5±10.8 years. Traditional liver tests and cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-8, and cytokeratin fragments-18 (CK-18) were determined. The HOMA-IR index was calculated using the formula (fasting glucose, mmol/l) x (fasting insulin, μIU/ ml)/22.5.Results. Insulin resistance according to HOMA-IR ≥2.6 was detected in 55 (50.0%) patients and was not detected in 55 (50.0%) patients. When comparing laboratory parameters in MASLD with normal and elevated HOMA-IR, significantly higher levels of FCK-18, ALT, AST, IL-1β and IL-6 were detected in patients with IR. The same pattern was observed for carbohydrate and lipid metabolism parameters. HOMA-IR demonstrated reliable correlations with FCK-18, AST, and the number of lymphocytes and monocytes of peripheral blood.Conclusion. In 50.0% of patients with MASLD, prior to the development of overt clinical type 2 diabetes mellitus, there was a high level of HOMA-IR, confirming insulin resistance. Its presence was accompanied by a significant increase in biomarkers of hepatocellular death and inflammation, which predicted a more severe course of MASLD.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>метаболически ассоциированная стеатозная болезнь печени</kwd><kwd>инсулинорезистентность</kwd><kwd>HOMA-IR</kwd><kwd>фрагменты цитокератина-18</kwd><kwd>воспаление</kwd><kwd>ТНФ-α</kwd><kwd>ИЛ-1β</kwd><kwd>ИЛ-6</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>metabolic dysfunction–associated steatotic liver disease</kwd><kwd>insulin resistance</kwd><kwd>HOMA-IR</kwd><kwd>fragments of cytokeratin-18</kwd><kwd>inflammation</kwd><kwd>TNF-α</kwd><kwd>IL-1β</kwd><kwd>IL-6</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tacke F., Horn P., Wai-Sun Wong V. et al. EASL-EASD-EASO Clinical Practice Guidelines on the Management of Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD) // Journal of Hepatology. 2024. Vol. 81, № 3. P. 492–542. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2024.04.031.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tacke F., Horn P., Wai-Sun Wong V. et al. EASL-EASD-EASO Clinical Practice Guidelines on the Management of Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD). Journal of Hepatology. 2024;81(3):492–542. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2024.04.031.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nogueira J. P., Cusi K. Role of insulin resistance in the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in people with type 2 diabetes: from bench to patient care // Diabetes Spectrum. 2024. Vol. 37, № 1. P. 20–28. https://doi.org/10.2337/dsi23-0013.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nogueira J. P., Cusi K. Role of insulin resistance in the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in people with type 2 diabetes: from bench to patient care. Diabetes Spectrum. 2024;37(1):20–28. https:// doi.org/10.2337/dsi23-0013.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kakisaka K., Sasaki A., Umemura A. et al. High frequency and long persistency of ballooning hepatocyte were associated with glucose intolerance in patients with severe obesity // Scientific Reports. 2021. Vol. 11, № 1. P. 15392. https://doi.org/10/1038/s41598-021-94937-4.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kakisaka K., Sasaki A., Umemura A. et al. High frequency and long persistency of ballooning hepatocyte were associated with glucose intolerance in patients with severe obesity. Scientific Reports 4. Beals J. W., Smith G. I., Shankaran M. et al. Increased adipose tissue fibrogenesis, not impaired expandability, is associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology. 2021;74(3):1287–1299. https://doi. org/10.1002/hep.31822.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Beals J. W., Smith G. I., Shankaran M. et al. Increased adipose tissue fibrogenesis, not impaired expandability, is associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease // Hepatology. 2021. Vol. 74, № 3. P. 1287–1299. https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.31822.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gawrieh S., Wilson L. A., Cummings O. W. et al. Histologic findings of advanced fibrosis and cirrhosis in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease who have normal aminotransferase levels. OfÏcial journal of the American College of Gastroenterology | ACG. 2019;114(10):1626–1635. https://doi.org/10.14309/ajg.0000000000000388.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gawrieh S., Wilson L. A., Cummings O. W. et al. Histologic findings of advanced fibrosis and cirrhosis in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease who have normal aminotransferase levels // OfÏcial journal of the American College of Gastroenterology | ACG. 2019. Vol. 114, № 10. P. 1626–1635. https://doi.org/10.14309/ajg.0000000000000388.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kolawole O. J., Oje M. M., Betiku O. A. et al. Correlation of alanine aminotransferase levels and a histological diagnosis of steatohepatitis with ultrasound-diagnosed metabolic-associated fatty liver disease in patients from a centre in Nigeria. BMC gastroenterology. 2024;24(1):147. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12876-024-03237-4.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kolawole O. J., Oje M. M., Betiku O. A. et al. Correlation of alanine aminotransferase levels and a histological diagnosis of steatohepatitis with ultrasound-diagnosed metabolic-associated fatty liver disease in patients from a centre in Nigeria // BMC gastroenterology. 2024. Vol. 24, № 1. P. 147. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12876-024-03237-4.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gill R. M., Allende D., Belt P. H. et al. The nonalcoholic steatohepatitis extended hepatocyte ballooning score: histologic classification and clinical significance. Hepatology communications. 2023;7(2):e0033. https://doi.org/10.1097/HC9.0000000000000033.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gill R. M., Allende D., Belt P. H. et al. The nonalcoholic steatohepatitis extended hepatocyte ballooning score: histologic classification and clinical significance // Hepatology communications. 2023. Vol. 7, № 2. P. e0033. https://doi.org/10.1097/HC9.0000000000000033.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cao W., Zhao C., Shen C., Wang Y. Cytokeratin 18, alanine aminotransferase, platelets and triglycerides predict the presence of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. PloS one. 2013;8(12):e82092. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0082092.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cao W., Zhao C., Shen C., Wang Y. Cytokeratin 18, alanine aminotransferase, platelets and triglycerides predict the presence of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis // PloS one. 2013. Vol. 8, № 12. P. e82092. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0082092.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ivashkin V. T., Maevskaya M. V., Zharkova M. S. et al. Clinical Practice Guidelines of the Russian Scientific Liver Society, Russian Gastroenterological Association, Russian Association of Endocrinologists, Russian Association of Gerontologists and Geriatricians and National Society for Preventive Cardiology on Diagnosis and Treatment of Non-Alcoholic Liver Disease. Russian Journal of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Coloproctology. 2022;32(4):104–40. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.22416/1382-4376-2022-32-4-104-140.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ивашкин В. Т., Маевская М. В., Жаркова М. С. и др. Клинические рекомендации Российского общества по изучению печени, Российской гастроэнтерологической ассоциации, Российской ассоциации эндокринологов, Российской ассоциации геронтологов и гериатров и Национального общества профилактической кардиологии по иагностике и лечению неалкогольной жировой болезни печени // Российский журнал гастроэнтерологии, гепатологии, колопроктологии. 2022. Т. 32, № 4. С. 104–40. https://doi.org/10.22416/1382-4376-2022-32-4-104-140.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lazebnik L. B., Golovanova E. V., Turkina S. V. et al. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in adults: clinic, diagnostics, treatment. Guidelines for therapists, third version. Experimental and Clinical Gastroenterology. 2021;185(1):4–52. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.31146/1682-8658-ecg-185-1-4-52.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Лазебник Л. Б., Голованова Е. В., Туркина С. В. и др. Неалкогольная жировая болезнь печени у взрослых: клиника, диагностика, лечение. Рекомендации для терапевтов, третья версия // Экспериментальная и клиническая гастроэнтерология. 2021. Т. 185, № 1. С. 4–52. https://doi.org/10.31146/1682-8658-ecg-185-1-4-52.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Myint M., Oppedisano F., De Giorgi V. et al. Inflammatory signaling in NASH driven by hepatocyte mitochondrial dysfunctions. J Transl Med. 2023;21:757. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12967-023-04627-0.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Myint M., Oppedisano F., De Giorgi V. et al. Inflammatory signaling in NASH driven by hepatocyte mitochondrial dysfunctions // J Transl Med. 2023. Vol. 21. P. 757. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12967-023-04627-0.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">He L., Deng L., Zhang Q. et al. Diagnostic value of CK-18, FGF-21, and related biomarker panel in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BioMed research international. 2017;2017(1):9729107. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/9729107.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">He L., Deng L., Zhang Q. et al. Diagnostic value of CK-18, FGF-21, and related biomarker panel in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis // BioMed research international. 2017. Vol. 2017, № 1. P. 9729107. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/9729107.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gîlcă-Blanariu G. E., Budur D. S., Mitrică D. E. et al. Advances in noninvasive biomarkers for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Metabolites. 2023;13(11):1115. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo13111115.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gîlcă-Blanariu G. E., Budur D. S., Mitrică D. E. et al. Advances in noninvasive biomarkers for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease // Metabolites. 2023. Vol. 13, № 11. P. 1115. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo13111115.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chang Y. H., Lin H. C., Hwu D. W. et al. Elevated serum cytokeratin-18 concentration in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Annals of clinical biochemistry. 2019;56(1):141–147. https://doi.org/10.1177/0004563218796259.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chang Y. H., Lin H. C., Hwu D. W. et al. Elevated serum cytokeratin-18 concentration in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease // Annals of clinical biochemistry. 2019. Vol. 56, № 1. P. 141–147. https://doi.org/10.1177/0004563218796259.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Carranza-Trejo A. M., Vetvicka V., Vistejnova L. et al. Hepatocyte and immune cell crosstalk in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Expert Review of Gastroenterology &amp; Hepatology. 2021;15(7):783–796. https://doi.or g/10.1080/17474124.2021.1887730.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Carranza-Trejo A. M., Vetvicka V., Vistejnova L. et al. Hepatocyte and immune cell crosstalk in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease // Expert Review of Gastroenterology &amp; Hepatology. 2021. Vol. 15, № 7. P. 783–796. https://doi.org/10.1080/17474124.2021.1887730.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Carranza-Trejo A. M., Vetvicka V., Vistejnova L. et al. Hepatocyte and immune cell crosstalk in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease // Expert Review of Gastroenterology &amp; Hepatology. 2021. Vol. 15, № 7. P. 783–796. https://doi.org/10.1080/17474124.2021.1887730.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
